激光惯性约束聚变内爆诊断技术研究综述

Review on Diagnostic Techniques for Laser Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosion

吴宇际;叶佳杰;张青;沈瑞强;罗意博;李煜;刘嘉俊; WU Yuji;YE Jiajie;ZHANG Qing;SHEN Ruiqiang;LUO Yibo;LI Yu;LIU Jiajun;

激光惯性约束聚变内爆诊断是理解聚变物理、评估压缩效率与实现点火目标的关键技术,对实现高增益稳定点火具有重要意义。基于此,按照内爆时序,系统梳理了激光惯性约束聚变中冲击波诊断、X射线成像诊断、质子诊断和中子诊断4种诊断技术的基本原理与研究进展。其中,冲击波诊断由点测量向多维成像、主被动融合演进;X射线成像已形成自发光、背光与相衬成像优势互补的诊断体系;质子诊断从被动式积分测量拓展至主动式单幅成像与时间分辨摄像;中子诊断通过能谱、产额与成像技术的协同发展,实现对离子温度、燃料面密度及热斑形貌的全面表征。在此基础上,分析了各诊断技术面临的挑战,从测量核心物理量、时间分辨率、空间分辨率、测量相对误差、适用内爆阶段、核心优势、核心瓶颈、工程化成熟度等8个维度,对4种技术及核心分支方案作了全面对比,明确了不同技术的适用边界与选型依据,并展望了其向更高精度、更全维度、更高时间分辨与智能化方向的发展趋势,旨在为我国激光聚变点火工程提供系统的诊断技术参考。

The diagnosis of laser inertial confinement fusion(ICF) implosions is critical for understanding fusion physics, evaluating compression efficiency, and achieving ignition goals. Thus, it has significant importance for realizing stable high-gain ignition. Based on the implosion timeline, this study systematically reviewed the fundamental principles and research progress of four diagnostic techniques, namely shock wave, X-ray, neutron, and proton diagnosis methods. Shock wave diagnosis has evolved from point measurements to multidimensional imaging and integrated active-passive approaches. X-ray imaging has developed into a complementary system comprising self-emission, backlighting, and phase-contrast imaging. Proton diagnosis has expanded from passive time-integrated measurements to active single-frame imaging and time-resolved imaging. Neutron diagnosis has achieved comprehensive characterizations of the ion temperature, fuel areal density, and hot spot morphology through the synergistic development of energy-spectrum, yield-measurement, and imaging technologies. Consequently, this study analyzed the challenges faced by each diagnostic technique and comprehensively compared the four technologies and core sub-approaches across eight dimensions, namely the measurement core physical quantities, temporal resolution, spatial resolution, relative measurement error, applicable implosion stages, core advantages, core bottlenecks, and engineering maturity. It clarified the applicable boundaries and selection criteria for different technologies and discussed future trends toward higher precision, fuller dimensionality, higher temporal resolution, and intelligent development, aiming to provide systematic diagnostic technology references for the laser fusion ignition project of China.

基于网络攻击技术的分布式无人机蜂群反制方法综述

Review on Cyber-Attack-Based Countermeasures for Distributed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarms

张艺驰;王乐;高久安;刘柟池;席建祥; ZHANG Yichi;WANG Le;GAO Jiuan;LIU Nanchi;XI Jianxiang;

随着现代控制技术向无人化与集群化方向延伸,分布式无人机蜂群凭借部署灵活与适应性强的优势在多个领域得到广泛应用。然而,蜂群技术的滥用对低空领域构成的威胁日益严峻,分布式无人机蜂群对现有低空防御体系提出了前所未有的挑战。基于此,本文对基于网络攻击技术的分布式无人机蜂群反制方法展开系统性综述。首先,对非合作分布式无人机蜂群进行概述,指出无人机蜂群对现有反制体系构成的严峻威胁。其次,从经典蜂群反制方法切入,分别从物理反制与电磁反制2个方面阐述现有蜂群反制技术,梳理各反制手段的优缺点及适用场景,并引出基于网络攻击的蜂群反制方法的实施方式。再次,通过概述当前网络攻击方法在分布式蜂群反制中的理论实践研究,重点阐述了基于拒绝服务攻击、欺骗攻击与诱导攻击的反制方法的作用途径、机制原理及研究进展,并对3种反制方法的优势与局限性进行分析。最后,结合分布式蜂群技术与网络攻击方法的研究现状,总结现有蜂群反制方法的局限性,探讨基于网络攻击的分布式无人机蜂群反制方法的未来发展趋势。通过对现有研究与技术方法的梳理,以期为非合作分布式无人机蜂群反制领域的研究提供参考,推动我国无人低空防御体系的建设。

With the extension of modern control technologies to unmanned and clustered systems, distributed unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) swarms have gained widespread application across multiple domains because of their flexible deployment and strong adaptability. The abuse of UAV swarms poses an increasingly severe threat to lowaltitude airspace, and distributed UAV swarms present unprecedented challenges to existing low-altitude defense systems. This paper provided a systematic review of countermeasures for distributed UAV swarms based on cyber attacks. First, an overview of non-cooperative distributed UAV swarms was provided, highlighting the severe threat they pose to existing countermeasure systems. Second, starting from the classic swarm countermeasure methods, this study elaborated on the existing swarm countermeasure technologies from the perspectives of physical and electromagnetic countermeasures. The advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of each countermeasure method were summarized, leading to the introduction of implementation methods for cyber-attack-based swarm countermeasures. Subsequently, focusing on cyber-attack methods, an overview of current theoretical and practical researches on cyber-attack methods in swarm countermeasure was conducted. Emphasis was placed on the operational pathways, mechanisms, and research progress of countermeasure methods based on denial-of-service, deception, and induced attacks, along with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of these three methods. Finally, based on the current research status of distributed UAV swarm technology and cyber-attack methods, the limitations of existing swarm countermeasures were summarized and the future development trends for distributed UAV swarm countermeasure methods based on cyber attacks were explored. Through the review of existing research and relevant technical methods, this study aims to provide a reference for research and practice in the field of non-cooperative distributed UAV swarm countermeasures, and promote the development of unmanned low-altitude defense systems in China.

开绕组永磁同步电机单相开路故障容错型预测控制

Fault-Tolerant Predictive Control for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Under Single-Phase Open-Circuit Fault

张冬冬;蔡伯颜;黄弘韬;乙加伟;褚帅君;吴晖锽;林晓刚; ZHANG Dongdong;CAI Boyan;HUANG Hongtao;YI Jiawei;CHU Shuaijun;GOH Hui Hwang;LIN Xiaogang;

针对共直流母线型双逆变器开绕组永磁同步电机单相开路故障后可用电压矢量空间受限、传统多矢量模型预测电流控制遍历寻优计算量大以及容错运行中电流谐波和转矩脉动增大的问题,提出一种新型三矢量模型预测电流控制方法。以a相开路故障为例,首先,分析故障后由b、c两相及4个健康桥臂维持运行时的电压矢量分布规律。由16组开关状态归纳得到9个独立电压矢量,在剔除2个超出线性调制范围的大矢量后,选取6个等幅有效矢量作为控制基本矢量。在此基础上,依据无差拍预测原理计算参考电压矢量,通过参考电压所在扇区直接确定第一最优作用矢量;再结合第一矢量作用后的预测电流误差,自适应选择第二最优矢量,并以d、q轴电流误差最小为约束完成零矢量、第一矢量和第二矢量的作用时间分配,从而省去传统算法对候选扇区的逐一遍历过程。仿真结果表明:在1 000 r/min、5 N·m工况下,所提算法使b相电流总谐波畸变率由18.08%降至12.75%,转矩波动范围由约±0.4 N·m减小至约±0.2 N·m。实验结果表明:在400 r/min、5 N·m工况下,b相电流总谐波畸变率由18.57%降至13.38%;在1000r/min负载由5 N·m降至2 N·m和由2 N·m升至5 N·m时,系统调节时间分别由0.332 s、0.541 s缩短至0.278 s、0.495 s。结果验证了所提方法能够降低在线计算开销,改善单相开路故障下的电流波形质量,抑制转矩脉动,并提升系统动态抗扰能力。

To address the limited available voltage vector space, high computational burden of an exhaustive search in traditional multi-vector model predictive current control, and increased current harmonics and torque ripple during fault-tolerant operation after a single-phase open-circuit fault in a common-DC-bus dual-inverter open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor, a novel three-vector model predictive current control method was proposed. Taking a phase-a open-circuit fault as an example, the voltage vector distribution patterns during fault-tolerant operation with phases b and c and four healthy bridge arms were first analyzed. Nine independent voltage vectors were obtained from 16 switching states. After eliminating two large vectors that exceeded the linear modulation range, six equal-amplitude effective voltage vectors were selected as the basic control vectors. A reference voltage vector was calculated using the deadbeat prediction principle, and the first optimal vector was directly determined based on the sector that contained the reference voltage vector. Then, the second optimal vector was adaptively selected based on the predicted current error after applying the first vector. The action times of the zero, first, and second vectors were allocated with the minimum d-and q-axis current errors as constraints, thereby avoiding the sequential traversal of candidate sectors required by the traditional algorithm. Simulation results show that under 1 000 r/min and 5 N·m, the proposed algorithm reduces the total harmonic distortion rate of the B-phase current from 18.08% to 12.75%, and narrows the torque fluctuation range from approximately ±0.4 N·m to ±0.2 N·m. Experimental results demonstrate that under 400 r/min and 5 N·m, the total harmonic distortion of the B-phase current decreases from 18.57% to 13.38%. Under 1 000 r/min, when the load decreases from 5 N·m to 2 N·m and then increases from 2 N·m to 5 N·m, the system regulating times decreases from 0.332 and 0.541 s, to 0.278 and 0.495 s, respectively. These results verify that the proposed method can reduce the online computational overhead, improve the current waveform quality under single-phase open-circuit faults,suppress torque ripple,and enhance the dynamic disturbance rejection capability of the system.

基于CNN-BiLSTM的锂离子电池多状态联合预测方法

Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory-Based Multi-State Joint Prediction Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries

刘瀚儒;智鹏鹏;戎皓;焦胜;杨昌霖; LIU Hanru;ZHI Pengpeng;RONG Hao;JIAO Sheng;YANG Changlin;

针对锂离子电池健康状态(state of health,SOH)、荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)与能量状态(state of energy,SOE)协同预测困难的问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络和双向长短期记忆(convolutional neural network-bidirectional long short-term memory,CNN-Bi LSTM)的电池多状态联合预测方法。首先,针对充放电运行数据中多维健康特征冗余和相关性较强的问题,分析能够反映电池状态的多维度特征参数,并采用核主成分分析法对其进行非线性降维,从而构建表征电池退化特性的低维特征空间;然后,利用CNN提取数据局部时序特征,结合Bi LSTM挖掘退化过程中的前后关联信息,并引入退化感知自注意力机制与加权均方误差损失函数来增强模型对电池老化后期关键退化特征的表征能力和样本关注程度;最后,将预测得到的SOH作为动态边界约束引入SOC与SOE的估计过程,构建多状态闭环联合预测框架。在NASA锂离子电池数据集上的实验结果表明:所提方法对电池SOH预测结果的均方根误差为0.013 8,相较于次优方法 DAE-CNN-Bi LSTM-Attention降低了27.7%;在多状态协同估计中,对电池SOC和SOE预测结果的均方根误差均为0.003 1,较次优方法分别降低了26.19%和39.22%,同时能够较好地跟踪电池退化趋势,实现对电池多状态的协同准确预测。

To address the challenge of joint prediction of lithium-ion battery state of health(SOH), state of charge(SOC), and state of energy(SOE), a joint prediction method based on convolutional neural network-bidirectional long short-term memory(CNN-Bi LSTM) was proposed. First, to overcome the redundancy and strong correlation of multidimensional health features in charge/discharge operational data, multi-dimensional feature parameters reflecting battery states were analyzed, and kernel principal component analysis method was employed for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Thus, a low-dimensional feature space was constructed to characterize batterydegradation properties. Consequently, a convolutional neural network was utilized to extract local temporal features of data, and a bidirectional long short-term memory network was incorporated to mine forward and backward correlation information during degradation. A degradation-aware self-attention mechanism and weighted mean squared error loss function were introduced to enhance the ability of the model to represent critical degradation features in the later stage of battery aging and increase sample attention. Finally, the predicted SOH was incorporated as a dynamic boundary constraint into the SOC and SOE estimation processes, establishing a closed-loop multi-state joint prediction framework. Experimental results on the NASA lithium-ion battery dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a root mean square error of 0.013 8 for SOH prediction, which is a reduction of 27.7% compared to the suboptimal method DAE-CNN-Bi LSTM-Attention. In the multi-state joint estimation, the prediction root mean squared error values for both the SOC and SOE reach 0.003 1, representing reductions of 26.19% and 39.22%, respectively, compared to the suboptimal method. The proposed method can effectively track the battery degradation trend while enabling accurate multi-state joint predictions.

内置传力芯柱的钢管混凝土柱脚力学性能研究

Mechanical Performance of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Column Bases with a Load-Transfer Core

薛红京;王啸辰;张国伟;束伟农;蔡青;刘静洋; XUE Hongjing;WANG Xiaochen;ZHANG Guowei;SHU Weinong;CAI Qing;LIU Jingyang;Beijing Institute of Architectural Design Co.Ltd.;China Academy of Building Research Co.Ltd.;

针对传统埋入式柱脚施工繁琐、经济性差及外露式柱脚抗震性能不足等问题,提出一种内置传力芯柱的钢管混凝土(concrete-filled steel tube,CFST)柱脚。该构造通过在钢管内部设置钢筋混凝土核心柱,并与内壁栓钉协同工作,从而形成高效组合传力机制。为系统评估CFST柱脚力学性能,采用1∶4缩尺拟静力试验与精细化有限元模拟,研究了其破坏模式、滞回特性及抗震性能,并与同规格外露式及埋入式柱脚进行对比。结果表明:CFST柱脚的受力机制类似于钢筋混凝土结构,破坏过程呈现明显塑性发展特征,最终破坏模式为柱脚区域混凝土压溃及内部纵筋屈服,表现出典型的延性破坏特征。与外露式柱脚相比,CFST柱脚的承载力与延性显著提升,骨架曲线下降平缓,累计耗能能力增幅超过130%,刚度退化更为缓慢,综合抗震性能得到实质性改善。与埋入式柱脚相比,CFST柱脚的极限承载力基本相当,但在大变形阶段其承载力保持率达92%,有效避免了因局部屈曲引发的脆性破坏,展现出更优越的延性性能和抗倒塌能力。此外,CFST柱脚采用外露式构造,避免了深埋作业,在确保良好抗震能力的同时显著简化了施工流程,降低了工程造价。该研究为钢结构柱脚提供了一种兼具技术先进性与经济可行性的新型解决方案。

To address the construction complexity and poor economic efficiency of traditional embedded column bases, as well as the insufficient seismic performance of exposed column bases, a novel concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) column base with a load-transfer core was proposed. This configuration incorporated a reinforced concrete core column inside a steel tube, which collaborated with inner-wall studs to establish an efficient composite load-transfer mechanism. To systematically evaluate the mechanical performance of CFST column bases, 1:4 scale quasi-static tests and refined finite element simulations were conducted to study the failure mode, hysteretic behavior, and seismic performance. The results were compared with those for exposed and embedded column bases with identical specifications. The force mechanism of the CFST column bases resembled that of reinforced concrete structures, with pronounced plastic development during the failure process. The final failure mode involved concrete crushing in the column base region and yielding of the internal longitudinal reinforcement, demonstrating typical ductile failure characteristics. Compared with exposed column bases, CFST column bases showed a significantly enhanced bearing capacity and ductility, with a gently declining skeleton curve, an increase in their cumulative energy dissipation capacity exceeding 130%, and slower stiffness degradation, representing a substantial improvement in comprehensive seismic performance. Compared with embedded column bases, CFST column bases achieved a comparable ultimate bearing capacity but maintained 92% of the capacity during large deformation stages, effectively avoiding the brittle failure caused by local buckling, exhibiting superior ductility and collapse resistance. Furthermore, the CFST column bases had an exposed configuration, which eliminated deep embedding requirements, significantly simplifying construction processes and reducing project costs, while ensuring robust seismic resistance. The result of this study provides a novel solution for steel column bases that combines technical advancement with economic feasibility.

基于自适应增强与集成学习的锂离子电池健康状态预测方法

Adaptive Boosting and Ensemble Learning-Based State of Health Prediction Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries

张严;郑建飞;张鑫;韩其辉;涂锐; ZHANG Yan;ZHENG Jianfei;ZHANG Xin;HAN Qihui;TU Rui;

针对锂离子电池退化过程存在非线性强、特征复杂以及单一模型泛化能力有限等问题,本文提出一种基于自适应增强(adaptive boosting,Ada Boost)与集成学习的锂离子电池健康状态(state of health,SOH)预测模型。首先,从电池增量容量曲线和充放电温度曲线中提取幅值、位置和面积等多维特征,构建8类健康因子(health indicators,HIs),并通过Pearson相关性分析验证其有效性;其次,利用卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)提取局部退化特征,采用双向门控循环单元(bidirectional gated recurrent unit,Bi GRU)刻画电池退化动态演化规律,并引入自注意力机制(self-attention mechanism,SAM)增强模型对关键退化信息的感知能力,三者共同构成弱学习器,并通过Ada Boost集成策略融合为强预测器,从而提升模型预测精度与鲁棒性;最后,在NASA、CALCE和Oxford三组数据集上进行验证。实验结果表明:所提方法具有较高的预测精度和良好的泛化能力,能够准确跟踪电池全生命周期SOH退化轨迹,并有效降低老化后期误差波动,平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别低至0.002 913和0.004 146;此外,所提算法在跨数据集迁移场景中,仅需目标电池全部运行数据的10%即可实现对其SOH的高精度预测。

To address the problems of strong nonlinearity, complex features, andl imited generalization ability of asingle model in the degradation process of lithium-ion batteries, a state of health(SOH) prediction model based on adaptive boosting(AdaBoost) and ensemble learning was proposed. First, multidimensional features, such as amplitu de, position, and area, were extracted from the incremental capacity and charge-discharge temperature curvesof batteries. Eight types of healthi ndicators(HIs) were constructed, and their effectiveness was verified by Pearson cor relation analysis. Second, a convolutional neural network(CNN) was used to extract local degradation features, abidirectional g ated recurrent unit(BiG RU) was adopted to characterize the dynamic evolution law of batterydegradation, anda self-attention mechanism(SAM) was introduced to enhance the model's on of keydegradation information. These three modules jointlyform a weak learner, which was furtheri perceptintegratedi nto a stron g predictor through the AdaBoost ensemble strategy, thereby improving the prediction accuracy and robustnessof th e model. Finally, the proposed method was validated on three datasets, namely NASA, CALCE, and Oxford.The results show that the proposed method achieves high prediction accuracy and strong generalization ability.It can accurately track the full-life-cycle SOH degradation trajectory of batteries and effectively reduce error fluct uationsin the later aging stage, with the mean absolute error and root mean square error as low as 0.002913 and 0.004146, respectively. In addition, the proposed algorithm requires only 10% of the complete operation data ofthe target battery to achieve high-precision SOH prediction in cross-dataset transfer scenarios.

频率约束下的多飞行器协同轨迹规划方法综述

Survey of Cooperative Trajectory Planning Methods for Multiple Air Vehicles with Frequency Constraints

王乐;王铮;高久安;张艺驰;席建祥; WANG Le;WANG Zheng;GAO Jiuan;ZHANG Yichi;XI Jianxiang;

复杂电磁环境下,频谱资源受限与机间频率互扰对飞行器集群的可靠性与任务效能构成严峻挑战,而传统轨迹规划缺乏对频谱资源的统筹能力,因此引入频率约束成为必然趋势。本文分析了频率约束下多飞行器协同轨迹规划的研究进展,首先将现有方法归纳为模型驱动的确定性优化、数据驱动的自适应规划以及分层互补的混合规划,从理论完备性、环境适应性与可解释性等方面对其进行比较;进而聚焦频率约束,梳理了考虑频率约束与面向频率约束两条技术路径,前者将频率作为边界条件被动规避干扰,后者则将频率作为决策变量实现主动调控,呈现出从被动适应向主动协同递进的技术发展脉络;最后,基于当前研究瓶颈,从3个方面出发,提出构建轨迹频谱波形耦合的状态空间模型、设计多时间尺度分层协同架构以及发展融合物理约束的智能化求解方法等解决思路,为该领域的理论研究与工程实践提供参考。

In complex electromagnetic environments, limited spectrum resources and inter-vehicle frequency interference pose severe challenges to the reliability and mission effectiveness of air vehicle swarms. Conventional trajectory planning lacks the capability to coordinate spectrum resources, making the incorporation of frequency constraints an inevitable trend. This paper presents a survey of cooperative trajectory planning for multiple air vehicles under frequency constraints. First, existing methods are categorized into three types: model-driven deterministic optimization, data-driven adaptive planning, and hierarchical complementary hybrid planning, and compared in terms of theoretical completeness, environmental adaptability, and interpretability. Focusing on frequency constraints, two technical pathways are then examined: frequency-considered methods, which treat frequency as a boundary condition for passive interference avoidance, and frequency-oriented methods, which treat frequency as a decision variable for active regulation, revealing a clear progression from passive adaptation to active coordination. To overcome these bottlenecks, progress must be made in three corresponding directions: constructing a coupled trajectory-spectrum-waveform state-space model, designing a multi-timescale hierarchical cooperative architecture, and developing intelligent solution methods such as deep reinforcement learning with embedded physical constraints. This survey aims to provide a reference for theoretical research and engineering practice in this field.

空天飞行器伺服弹性稳定性分析与控制器设计

Servoelastic Stability Analysis and Controller Design for Aerospace Vehicles

宋鸿杰;李瑜;尚逸鸣;徐宝华;蔡光斌; SONG Hongjie;LI Yu;SHANG Yiming;XU Baohua;CAI Guangbin;

为系统揭示气动伺服弹性对空天飞行器稳定性的内在影响并对其进行有效控制,依次开展了空天飞行器动力学建模、伺服弹性稳定性分析与控制器设计相关研究。首先,建立了包含刚体运动与一阶气动伺服弹性模态的飞行器纵向动力学模型;其次,分析了一阶弹性模态频率对配平状态的影响,进而通过模型线性化研究一阶弹性模态频率对开环特性的影响,发现低频弹性模态会导致系统相位裕度急剧下降,当一阶弹性模态频率为3_rad/_s时,系统闭环不稳定;最后,针对该失稳机理,设计“极点配置内环+带符号补偿低通PI外环”控制器,在该控制框架下,闭环系统相位裕度达39.9°、幅值裕度达到11.57_d_B。时域仿真结果表明,所提分层控制结构具有良好的鲁棒性,并能有效克服伺服弹性失稳问题。

To systematically reveal the intrinsic impact of aero-servo-elasticity(ASE) on the stability of aerospace vehicles and achieve effective control, this study conducts research on dynamics modeling, ASE stability analysis, and controller design.First, a longitudinal dynamics model is established, incorporating rigid body motion and the first-order aero-servo-elastic mode.Second, the influence of the first-order elastic mode frequency on the trim state is analyzed.Furthermore, through model linearization, the impact of this frequency on open-loop characteristics is investigated.It is found that low-frequency elastic modes lead to a sharp decrease in the system's phase margin; specifically, the closed-loop system becomes unstable when the first-order elastic mode frequency is 3 rad/s.Finally, addressing this instability mechanism, a controller featuring a "pole placement inner loop + sign-compensated low-pass PI outer loop" is designed.Under this control framework, the closed-loop system achieves a phase margin of 39.9° and a gain margin of 11.57 d B.Time-domain simulation results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical control structure possesses good robustness and can effectively overcome aero-servo-elastic instability.

有人机/无人机协同作战效能评估综述

Overview of Effectiveness Evaluation for Manned/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperative Combat

齐铎;邱时代;任晓岳;何兴宇;马嘉呈;戴江斌; QI Duo;QIU Shidai;REN Xiaoyue;HE Xingyu;MA Jiacheng;DAI Jiangbin;

有人机/无人机协同作战是未来智能化战争的核心作战样式,其效能评估已成为支撑体系作战能力建设的关键环节。本文从协同体系的层级特性和交互机制出发,剖析了效能评估的内在复杂性;归纳了基于DoDAF、作战任务分解和作战环理论与OODA融合的指标体系构建路径,梳理了权重确定与效能聚合方法;对比分析了经验驱动、模型驱动、数据驱动及混合评估等主流方法的适用性与局限性。研究表明,当前评估工作正从静态单平台评估向动态跨域综合评估演进,但仍面临复杂环境适应性不足、人因要素难以量化、真实数据支撑薄弱等挑战。针对这些问题,提出建立一个贯穿作战全程的评估、决策、优化实时闭环,推动协同作战模式从静态加事后分析向动态加伴随式赋能转变,但仍缺乏对“人机信任校准”机制的设计与评估。未来应重点发展智能评估技术、构建跨域评估框架、突破动态实时评估瓶颈,为协同作战体系建设提供有效理论支撑。

Manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative combat is a core combat paradigm in future intelligent warfare,and its effectiveness evaluation has become a critical link in constructing system combat capabilities.This study analyzed the inherent complexity of effectiveness evaluation by examining the hierarchical characteristics and interaction mechanisms of cooperative systems.It summarized indicator system construction pathways based on Do DAF,combat mission decomposition,and integration of combat cycle theories and OODA,while reviewing weight determination and effectiveness aggregation methods.It compared the applicability and limitations of mainstream approaches,such as experience-driven,model-driven,data-driven,and hybrid evaluation methods.Research indicates that current evaluation practices are evolving from static single-platform evaluations to dynamic cross-domain comprehensive evaluations,yet still face challenges including insufficient adaptability to complex environments,difficulty in quantifying human factors,and weak support from real-world data.To address these issues,it was proposed to establish a real-time closed-loop system for evaluation, decision-making,and optimization that runs through the entire combat process,promoting the transformation of collaborative combat mode from static and post analysis to dynamic and accompanying empowerment.However,there is still a lack of design and evaluation of the “human-machine trust calibration” mechanism.Future efforts should focus on developing intelligent evaluation technologies,constructing cross-domain evaluation frameworks,and overcoming bottlenecks in dynamic real-time evaluation to provide effective theoretical support for cooperative combat system development.

无人机航迹规划智能算法研究综述

Review of Intelligent Algorithms for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Trajectory Planning

鲜勇;郭靖;任乐亮;李少朋; XIAN Yong;GUO Jing;REN Leliang;LI Shaopeng;

针对传统无人机航迹规划算法计算效率低、适应性差的问题，从算法改进的角度出发，系统地梳理了国内外在无人机航迹规划领域的研究进展。从全局优化能力、动态适应性、计算效率以及鲁棒性等方面，阐述了无人机航迹规划智能算法具有的显著优势；同时，对航迹规划智能算法进行了详细分类和总结，从智能优化算法与机器学习算法的几种典型算法改进策略出发，对比分析了每种典型航迹规划智能算法的优缺点、应用场景以及改进方向；最后，结合当前无人机航迹规划所面临的多重挑战，对无人机航迹规划智能算法未来的研究趋势和潜在应用方向进行了展望，强调了航迹规划智能算法在提升算法性能、适应复杂环境、满足多样化任务需求以及智能算法融合等方面的重要性，为无人机航迹规划智能算法的研究与发展提供了参考。

To address the problems of low computational efficiency and poor adaptability of conventional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)trajectory planning algorithms, progress in domestic and international research in this field was reviewed from the perspective of algorithm improvement. First, the substantial advantages of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning were elaborated based on global optimization capability, dynamic adaptability, computational efficiency,and robustness. Subsequently, a detailed classification and summary of intelligent algorithms for trajectory planning were presented. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, application scenarios, and improvement directions of each typical intelligent algorithm were comparatively analyzed according to typical algorithm improvement strategies of intelligent optimization and machine learning algorithms. Finally, combined with the multiple challenges currently encountered in UAV trajectory planning, future research trends and potential application directions of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning were discussed. Additionally, the importance of intelligent algorithms for trajectory planning in improving algorithm performance, adapting to complex environment, meeting diverse task requirements, and integrating intelligent algorithms were emphasized. The review provides a reference for the research and development of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning.

高温后钢纤维混凝土的力学性能与微观结构

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Elevated Temperature-processed Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

董婧;杨进良;王炜;刘渊;杜娟; DONG Jing;YANG Jinliang;WANG Wei;LIU Yuan;DU Juan;

为研究不同温度作用对钢纤维混凝土力学性能与微观结构的影响，对比了经25℃、200℃、400℃、600℃温度处理后自然冷却的普通混凝土与体积掺量为1%的钢纤维混凝土的力学性能与微观结构。首先，通过混凝土立方体抗压试验及劈裂抗拉试验获取了试件的破坏形态、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度；然后，使用霍普金森压杆装置开展了4种冲击气压下试件的动态冲击压缩试验，获取了动态抗压强度与动态压缩增长因子，并运用扫描电镜观察了不同处理温度条件下试件的微观结构。研究结果表明：随着处理温度的升高，普通混凝土与钢纤维混凝土的颜色、表观裂纹、质量以及微观结构上均会产生变化，抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度均呈降低趋势，且在400～600℃时出现了骤降；钢纤维的加入可以在一定程度上降低混凝土的高温后质量损失率，有效改善混凝土的动静态力学性能。此外，钢纤维的桥接作用可在一定程度上抑制混凝土裂纹的扩展。

The effects of different temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC)was investigated by conducting a comparative study of the mechanical properties and microstructure of normal concrete(NC)that wasnaturally cooled after elevated-temperature treatment at 25 ℃, 200 ℃, 400 ℃ and 600 ℃, and SFRC with a volume proportion of 1%. First, the failure mode, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength were obtained by compression and splitting tensile tests of a concrete cube. Second, the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic compression growth factors were obtained through dynamic impact compression tests, which were conducted on the specimens under four different impact pressures using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The micro-structures of the specimens under different temperature treatments were observed using scanning electron microscope. Results showed that with an increase in temperature, both NC and SFRC change in terms of color, surface cracks, mass, and microstructure. Simultaneously, the compression and splitting tensile strengths show a decreasing trend, with a sudden drop at 400～600 ℃. However, the addition of steel fibers can reduce the mass-loss rate of concrete after high-temperature treatment, and effectively improve the dynamic and static mechanical properties of concrete. Additionally, the bridging effect of the steel fibers can inhibit the propagation of concrete cracks to some extent.

偏振探测成像技术研究进展及其军事应用

Progress and Military Applications of Polarization Detection Imaging Technology

李林;张国清;周战荣;耿燚; LI Lin;ZHANG Guoqing;ZHOU Zhanrong;GENG Yi;

对代表性的偏振探测技术及其在军事领域中的主要应用给出了总结。首先,介绍了利用琼斯矩阵和穆勒矩阵进行偏振探测的基本原理；其次，就4种常见的偏振探测技术的实现方法及其优缺点进行了讨论，包括分时偏振成像技术和同时偏振成像技术（包括分振幅偏振成像、分孔径偏振成像、分焦平面偏振成像技术）；然后，介绍了偏振探测技术在目标探测、图像去雾、导航、地雷探测等军事方面的典型应用；最后,指出了偏振探测技术目前存在的难点问题以及未来发展展望。

Representative polarization detection technologies and its applications in military were summarized. Firstly, the basic principles of polarization detection using Jones matrix and Muller matrix were introduced. Secondly, four common polarization detection techniques, including the division-of-time polarization imaging as well as the division-of-amplitude polarization imaging, the aperture-divided polarization imaging and the division-of-focal-plane polarization imaging of the simultaneous polarization imaging, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Then, typical applications of polarization detection technology in the military field, such as target detection, image dehazing, navigation and landmine detection, were introduced. Finally,the current difficulties and an outlook on the development of polarization detection technology were provided.

基于目标HSV（色调-饱和度-亮度）空间图像自适应分割的直线检测算法

Straight Line Detection Algorithm Based on Adaptive Segmentation of Target HSV Space Images

尉金强;杜文正;孙晓艳;聂婷;唐圣金; WEI Jinqiang;DU Wenzheng;SUN Xiaoyan;NIE Ting;TANG Shengjin;

针对现阶段利用数字图像进行半挂车倒车辅助过程中，存在辅助地标线检测效果鲁棒性差和实时性不高等问题，提出了一种基于目标色调-饱和度-亮度（Hue-SaturationValue,HSV）空间图像自适应分割的直线检测算法。首先，对不同场景下的直线目标进行分割提取，通过统计不同场景下目标HSV空间图像直方图确定图像分割的初始阈值，并基于初始阈值提出一种基于目标HSV空间的图像自适应分割算法。然后，对图像进行预处理及边缘检测，提取目标边缘点。最后，采用基于中位数绝对偏差的最小二乘直线检测方法剔除边缘点中的离群值以提高地标直线目标的检测精度。实验结果表明：该算法能够在不同背景、不同光照条件下对目标进行准确检测，具有良好的鲁棒性；与Hough变换算法相比，该算法的运算速度更快，直线检测的准确率更高，并且对不同颜色地标线的检测也具有良好的适用性。

To solve problems in exisiting digital images processing-based semi-trailer reversing assistant system development, such as poor robustness and low real-time of landmark line detection, a straight line detection algorithm based on adaptive segmentation of target Hue-Saturation-Value(HSV) space images was proposed. First, line targets in various scenes were segmented and extracted. Simultaneously, histograms of target images in the HSV space across different scenes were used to determine the initial threshold for image segmentation, based on which an image adaptive segmentation algorithm according to target HSV space images was proposed.Subsequently, the preprocessing and edge detection of images were conducted to extract edge points of targets. Finally, outliers of edge points were eliminated by using a median absolute deviation-based least squares straight line detection method to improve the detection accuracy of landmark line targets. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm is able to accurately detect targets under different backgrounds and lighting conditions with good robustness.Compared to the Hough transform algorithm, the algorithm has faster operation speed, higher accuracy of straight line detection, and good applicability to the detection of landmark lines of different colors.

重型车辆高级驾驶辅助系统研究综述

Review on ADAS Technologies for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

张志利;祝慧鑫;周召发;赵军阳;张克凡; ZHANG Zhili;ZHU Huixin;ZHOU Zhaofa;ZHAO Junyang;ZHANG Kefan;

针对高级驾驶辅助系统（Advanced Driving Assistance System,ADAS）重型车辆视野盲区大、反应要求高、制动时间短的安全特征，论述了重型车辆ADAS技术的发展历程以及目前ADAS技术的涵盖范围，重点论述了重型车辆ADAS的环境感知技术（包括基于视觉类图像、雷达类点云、多模态融合的目标检测技术）以及定位定向技术（囊括局部高精地图构建和多模态融合定位定向方案研究）。展望了重型车辆ADAS技术的发展趋势。

Considering safety characteristics of heavy-duty vehicles such as large blind spots,high reaction requirements and short braking time, the development courses of heavy-duty vehicle ADAS technologies and the current coverage of ADAS technologies were reviewed. First, environment sensing technologies of heavy-duty vehicle ADAS, including target detection technologies based on vision-like images, radar-like point clouds and multimodal fusion were discussed respectively. Second, the localization and orientation technology of heavy-duty vehicle ADAS,encompassing the construction of local high-precision maps and the research of multimodal fusion localization and orientation scheme were described. Finally, the trend of further development of ADAS technologies for heavy-duty vehicles were predicted.

无人机航迹规划智能算法研究综述

Review of Intelligent Algorithms for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Trajectory Planning

鲜勇;郭靖;任乐亮;李少朋; XIAN Yong;GUO Jing;REN Leliang;LI Shaopeng;

针对传统无人机航迹规划算法计算效率低、适应性差的问题，从算法改进的角度出发，系统地梳理了国内外在无人机航迹规划领域的研究进展。从全局优化能力、动态适应性、计算效率以及鲁棒性等方面，阐述了无人机航迹规划智能算法具有的显著优势；同时，对航迹规划智能算法进行了详细分类和总结，从智能优化算法与机器学习算法的几种典型算法改进策略出发，对比分析了每种典型航迹规划智能算法的优缺点、应用场景以及改进方向；最后，结合当前无人机航迹规划所面临的多重挑战，对无人机航迹规划智能算法未来的研究趋势和潜在应用方向进行了展望，强调了航迹规划智能算法在提升算法性能、适应复杂环境、满足多样化任务需求以及智能算法融合等方面的重要性，为无人机航迹规划智能算法的研究与发展提供了参考。

To address the problems of low computational efficiency and poor adaptability of conventional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)trajectory planning algorithms, progress in domestic and international research in this field was reviewed from the perspective of algorithm improvement. First, the substantial advantages of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning were elaborated based on global optimization capability, dynamic adaptability, computational efficiency,and robustness. Subsequently, a detailed classification and summary of intelligent algorithms for trajectory planning were presented. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, application scenarios, and improvement directions of each typical intelligent algorithm were comparatively analyzed according to typical algorithm improvement strategies of intelligent optimization and machine learning algorithms. Finally, combined with the multiple challenges currently encountered in UAV trajectory planning, future research trends and potential application directions of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning were discussed. Additionally, the importance of intelligent algorithms for trajectory planning in improving algorithm performance, adapting to complex environment, meeting diverse task requirements, and integrating intelligent algorithms were emphasized. The review provides a reference for the research and development of intelligent algorithms for UAV trajectory planning.

偏振探测成像技术研究进展及其军事应用

Progress and Military Applications of Polarization Detection Imaging Technology

李林;张国清;周战荣;耿燚; LI Lin;ZHANG Guoqing;ZHOU Zhanrong;GENG Yi;

对代表性的偏振探测技术及其在军事领域中的主要应用给出了总结。首先,介绍了利用琼斯矩阵和穆勒矩阵进行偏振探测的基本原理；其次，就4种常见的偏振探测技术的实现方法及其优缺点进行了讨论，包括分时偏振成像技术和同时偏振成像技术（包括分振幅偏振成像、分孔径偏振成像、分焦平面偏振成像技术）；然后，介绍了偏振探测技术在目标探测、图像去雾、导航、地雷探测等军事方面的典型应用；最后,指出了偏振探测技术目前存在的难点问题以及未来发展展望。

Representative polarization detection technologies and its applications in military were summarized. Firstly, the basic principles of polarization detection using Jones matrix and Muller matrix were introduced. Secondly, four common polarization detection techniques, including the division-of-time polarization imaging as well as the division-of-amplitude polarization imaging, the aperture-divided polarization imaging and the division-of-focal-plane polarization imaging of the simultaneous polarization imaging, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Then, typical applications of polarization detection technology in the military field, such as target detection, image dehazing, navigation and landmine detection, were introduced. Finally,the current difficulties and an outlook on the development of polarization detection technology were provided.

基于三维高斯泼溅技术的航拍场景建模

3D Gaussian Splatting-based Aerial Video Scene Modeling

何天琪;宋佳洁;程景春;潘雄; HE Tianqi;SONG Jiajie;CHENG Jingchun;PAN Xiong;

针对航拍视频场景建模存在的数据匮乏、现有算法建模细节缺失等问题，提出了基于仿真引擎的飞行场景数据采集方法，并采用三维高斯泼溅（3D Gaussian Splatting,3DGS）算法实现航拍场景的建模与渲染。首先，利用仿真引擎实现城区、沙滩、江桥3种典型场景下不同飞行轨迹、不同飞行速度、不同环境条件下的数据集获取，并进行航拍视频帧采样；然后，通过运动恢复结构实现场景的稀疏建模，再利用3DGS算法进行场景的稠密建模及渲染；最后，进行了模型的定量对比与定性分析实验。结果表明：与经典的COLMAP算法相比，所提算法具有更好的建模效果以及更完备的图像细节；线性、网格、螺旋不同的飞行轨迹均能得到较高的图像质量，但螺旋轨迹具有更好的场景通用性；飞行速度在30 m/s以下时可以得到较高质量的建模效果，其中PSNR>32 dB,SSIM>0.93,LPIPS<0.13；在不同环境条件下均能得到较高的图像质量，且在晴天白天理想光照下质量最佳。该研究为具有位姿灵活、飞行速度较快、场景大等难点的航拍视频提供了高精度、高鲁棒性的建模方案。

To solve the problems of data scarcity and lack of modeling details in existing algorithms in the modeling of aerial video scenes, a flight scene data acquisition method based on simulation engines was proposed. The advanced 3DGS(3D Gaussian Splatting)algorithm was adopted to model and render aerial scenes. First, simulation engines were used to obtain datasets for different flight trajectories, speeds, and environmental conditions in three typical scenes(urban areas, beaches, and river bridges), and to obtain samples of aerial video frames. In addition, the sparse modeling of the scenes was realized through the motion recovery structure, and the 3DGS algorithm was used for dense modeling and rendering of the scenes. Finally, quantitative comparison and qualitative analysis experiments of the models were conducted. The results show that compared with the classical COLMAP algorithm, the proposed algorithm has better modeling results and more complete image details. Higher image quality can be obtained in different flight trajectories(linear, grid, and spiral), while achieving better scene universality in spiral trajectories. Higher-quality modeling results can be obtained when the flight speed is below30 m/s(PSNR>32 dB, SSIM>0.93, LPIPS<0.13). Furthermore, high image quality can be achieved under different environmental conditions, and the best quality is achieved under ideal light during the daytime of sunny days. A high-precision and high-robustness modeling solution for aerial videos with difficulties such as flexible positions, fast flight speeds, and large scenes is provided in this paper.

一种电荷灵敏前置放大器的设计与实现

Design and Implementation of a Charge Sensitive Preamplifier

王佳帅;秦晋;许鹏;卜洪涛;王道平; WANG Jiashuai;QIN Jin;XU Peng;BU Hongtao;WANG Daoping;Xi'an CNNC Nuclear Instrument Co.Ltd;

针对传统金硅面垒α谱仪所使用的电荷灵敏前置放大器存在电路结构复杂、损坏后维修周期长的问题，基于低噪声场效应管和集成运算放大器，使用电路仿真软件，设计了针对金硅面垒半导体探测器的电荷灵敏前置放大器，简化了电路结构。对该前置放大器参数进行了理论计算和实验测试。结果表明：自制的电荷灵敏前置放大器的电荷变换增益为5×10~12V/C，能量变换增益为222 mV/MeV，上升时间为200 ns；将其应用于金硅面垒α谱仪之中，能够测量~239Pu板状源的α能谱。

To cover shortages of the charge sensitive preamplifier used in the existing Au-Si surface barrier alpha spectrometer, such as complex circuit structure and long maintenance cycle after damage, a charge sensitive preamplifier for gold silicon surface barrier semiconductor detector was designed based on low noise field effect transistor and integrated operational amplifier.The proposed preamplifier was designed with circuit simulation software and its simpler circuit structure. Furthermore, parameters of the charge sensitive preamplifier was obtained by theoretical calculation and verified by experimental tests. Results showed that the charge conversion gain of the self-made charge sensitive preamplifier is 5×10~12V/C, energy conversion gain is 222 mV/MeV and rise time is 200 ns. When it was applied to the Au-Si surface barrier α spectrometer, it can measure the α energy spectrum of ~239Pu plated source.

基于目标HSV（色调-饱和度-亮度）空间图像自适应分割的直线检测算法

Straight Line Detection Algorithm Based on Adaptive Segmentation of Target HSV Space Images

尉金强;杜文正;孙晓艳;聂婷;唐圣金; WEI Jinqiang;DU Wenzheng;SUN Xiaoyan;NIE Ting;TANG Shengjin;

针对现阶段利用数字图像进行半挂车倒车辅助过程中，存在辅助地标线检测效果鲁棒性差和实时性不高等问题，提出了一种基于目标色调-饱和度-亮度（Hue-SaturationValue,HSV）空间图像自适应分割的直线检测算法。首先，对不同场景下的直线目标进行分割提取，通过统计不同场景下目标HSV空间图像直方图确定图像分割的初始阈值，并基于初始阈值提出一种基于目标HSV空间的图像自适应分割算法。然后，对图像进行预处理及边缘检测，提取目标边缘点。最后，采用基于中位数绝对偏差的最小二乘直线检测方法剔除边缘点中的离群值以提高地标直线目标的检测精度。实验结果表明：该算法能够在不同背景、不同光照条件下对目标进行准确检测，具有良好的鲁棒性；与Hough变换算法相比，该算法的运算速度更快，直线检测的准确率更高，并且对不同颜色地标线的检测也具有良好的适用性。

To solve problems in exisiting digital images processing-based semi-trailer reversing assistant system development, such as poor robustness and low real-time of landmark line detection, a straight line detection algorithm based on adaptive segmentation of target Hue-Saturation-Value(HSV) space images was proposed. First, line targets in various scenes were segmented and extracted. Simultaneously, histograms of target images in the HSV space across different scenes were used to determine the initial threshold for image segmentation, based on which an image adaptive segmentation algorithm according to target HSV space images was proposed.Subsequently, the preprocessing and edge detection of images were conducted to extract edge points of targets. Finally, outliers of edge points were eliminated by using a median absolute deviation-based least squares straight line detection method to improve the detection accuracy of landmark line targets. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm is able to accurately detect targets under different backgrounds and lighting conditions with good robustness.Compared to the Hough transform algorithm, the algorithm has faster operation speed, higher accuracy of straight line detection, and good applicability to the detection of landmark lines of different colors.